Clinical Chemistry is that field of clinical pathology involved with analysis of body fluids. The discipline originated within the late nineteenth century with the use of simple chemical tests for diverse elements of blood and waste product. After this, totally different clinical biochemistry techniques were applied at the side of the use and live of catalyst activities, spectrophotometry, action, and biological assay. Endocrine pathology is that the subspecialty of surgical pathology that deals with the diagnosing and characterization of growth and non-neoplastic diseases of organs of the system, as well as the thyroid, parathyroid gland, secreted exocrine gland, and adrenal glands. Pharmacology is additionally a branch of biological chemistry, and medicines committed the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. A diagnosing may be an academic degree array of tests performed on excreta, and one in all the foremost common ways of disease susceptibility. 

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is different and another type of column chromatography that pumps a sample mixture or analyte in a solvent at high pressure through a column with chromatographic packing material. HPLC has the ability to analyse, and separate compounds that would be present in any sample that can be dissolved in a liquid in trace concentrations. Because of this advantage, HPLC is used in a variety of industrial and scientific applications, such as pharmaceutical industry, environmental, forensic science, and chemicals. High Performance Liquid Chromatography has brought lot of advantages in the department of food analysis and also in the analysis of various fat soluble vitamins. HPLC is also used in DNA fingerprinting and bioinformatics

The process of separation is integral unit operation in most of the Modern Pharmaceutical Techniques, chemical and other process plants. Among the separation processes, some are standard and conventional processes, like, distillation Process, absorption process, adsorption process, etc. These processes are quite common and the relevant technologies are well developed and well-studied. On the other hand, newer separation processes like membrane based techniques, supercritical fluid extraction, chromatographic separation, etc., are gaining importance in modern days plants as novel separation processes.

Crystallography is the science that examines crystals, which can be found everywhere in nature from salt to snowflakes to gemstones. Crystallographers use the properties and inner structures of crystals to determine the arrangement of atoms and generate knowledge that is used by chemists, physicists, biologists, and others. Applied Crystallography is a  crystallographic method that is used to study the crystalline and non-crystalline matter with neutrons, X-rays and electrons, their application in condensed matter research, materials science and the life sciences, and their use in identifying phase transformations and structural changes of defects, structure-property relationships, interfaces, and surfaces etc.

Chromatography is an Explanatory method of isolating the components from its blend on the basis of the relative amounts of each solute dispersed between a moving fluid, called the portable stage, and a bordering stationary stage. The fundamental cause of partition in chromatography procedure is the speed of distinctive components in the mixture in through mobile phase. Chromatography partition technology has progressed rapidly. Chromatography is of two types analytical and preparative. Analytical Chromatography is applied to measure the amount of analytes in the mixture. Preparative Chromatography is done on scales from micrograms up to kilograms. The main advantage of Preparative Chromatography is the low cost and disposability of the stationary phase used in the process.

Terahertz spectroscopy is a rapidly evolving field with interesting applications in medical imaging, security, scientific imaging (chemistry, biochemistry and astronomy), communications, and manufacturing. Many molecules, especially biomolecules, provide fingerprint spectroscopic lines in the Terahertz region

EPR (Electron Paramagnetic Resonance) is a spectroscopic technique that detects species that have unpaired electrons. It is also called as ESR (Electron Spin Resonance). A large number of materials have unpaired electrons which include free radicals, many transition metal ions, and defects. Free electrons are often short-lived, but still play vital roles in many processes such as photosynthesis, oxidation, catalysis, and polymerization reactions. As a result EPR crosses several disciplines like chemistry, physics, biology, materials science, medical science and many more.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is a spectroscopy technique which is based on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by nuclei of the atoms. Proton Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is one of the most powerful tools for elucidating the number of hydrogen or proton in the compound. It is used to study a wide variety of nuclei.

There are different ways in which X-rays can be employed. Absorption of X-rays is about absorbing material in other regions of the spectrum. Fluorescence emission of X-rays enables to identify and measure heavy elements in any medium. Diffraction of X-rays enables to analyse the specificity and accuracy of crystalline materials with a high degree.

Time-resolved spectroscopy is the study of dynamic processes in materials or chemical compounds by means of spectroscopic techniques. Most often, processes are studied after the illumination of a material occurs, but in principle, the technique can be applied to any process that leads to a change in properties of a material.

Luminescence spectroscopy is a technique which studies the of chemical systems. Luminescence is the emission of light by a substance. It occurs when an electron returns to the electronic ground state from an excited state and loses its excess energy as a photon. Luminescence spectroscopy is a collective name given to three related spectroscopic techniques. 

Ultraviolet Spectroscopy is the measurement of the decrease in the beam of light after passing through a sample or after reflection from a sample surface. Absorption measurements can be at a single wavelength or over an extended spectral range.

It is one of the vibrational spectroscopic techniques used to provide information on molecular vibrations and crystal structures. This technique uses a laser light source to irradiate a sample, and generates an infinitesimal amount of Raman scattered light, which is detected as a Raman spectrum. The characteristic fingerprinting pattern in a Raman spectrum makes it possible to identify substances including polymorphs and evaluate local crystallinity, orientation and stress.

Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation. Historically, spectroscopy originated through the study of visible light dispersed according to its wavelength, by a prism. Later the concept was expanded greatly to include any interaction with radioactive energy as a function of its wavelength or frequency. Spectroscopic data are often represented by an emission spectrum, a plot of the response of interest as a function of wavelength or frequency.

The most intriguing part for researchers is the complex properties which are shown by nanoparticles and nanostructures. Microscopic methods such as SPM and electron microscopes are available to observe nanomaterials at the nanoscale level but the chemical, structural and optical properties is not possible by these instruments. This is where spectroscopic characterization techniques are used to investigate the properties of the nanomaterials.

The following are the five major spectroscopic techniques.

Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis)
Raman spectroscopy
Furrier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)
X-Ray diffraction
Dynamic light scattering

Bioanalysis may be a sub-discipline of analytical chemistry covering the quantitative activity of xenobiotics (drugs and their metabolites, and biological molecules in unnatural locations or concentrations) and biotic (macro and micromolecules, proteins, DNA, giant molecule medicine, metabolites) in biological systems. Applications for analytical and Bioanalytical method development and validation, are as follows: biological safety test, clinical support, separation of a mixture of the compound, drug analysis. Importance of understanding proteomics and process of food science is important and can be discussed by using separation techniques

NMR analysis is used in separation of complex l and natural samples. Recent advances in mass chemical analysis area unit facultative improved analysis of endogenous metabolites. Here we have a tendency to discuss many problems relevant to developing High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, electro spray ionization, mass chemical analysis ways for targeted metabolomics 

Computed tomography (CT) is an imaging procedure that uses special x-ray equipment to create detailed pictures, or scans, of areas inside the body. It is also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT).